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- March 21, 1983TECHNOLOGYThink Small: Here Come CDs
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- Digital sound opens a new age in recording technology
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- This is the year to pity poor music lovers. Just when they
- thought they had assembled the best audio system budgets could
- buy, along comes a technological development that may render
- their expensive turntables and library of LPs as out of date as
- Edison's first talking machine. This month two major
- manufacturers, Sony and Magnavox, are introducing a limited
- number of digital record players in audio and department stores
- across the U.S. The machines, which retail for $800 to $1,000,
- use a laser beam instead of a conventional tone arm and stylus
- to play compact discs, or CDs, that are only 4.7 in diameter and
- will sell for about $17. Says Dan Davis, vice president of the
- National Association of Recording Merchandisers: "There is a
- consensus that this is perhaps the most exciting of the
- breakthroughs in the field, including the LP and stereo."
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- The new system has been enthusiastically welcomed in Japan,
- where the players and discs went on sale last October; despite
- the high price tag, more than 35,000 players were sold in the
- first three months. Originally plans called for the equipment
- to be introduced in the U.S. this summer and fall, but Magnavox
- and Sony have each launched a spring offensive to seize an early
- share of the crucial American market. At first supplies of both
- players and discs will be limited, as the companies struggle to
- get the bugs out and meet production goals. But dozens of other
- manufacturers have been licensed to make players by Philips, the
- Dutch electronics giant, and Sony, the joint developers of the
- technology; thus competition and increased sales are expected
- to improve the product and drive costs down to a more affordable
- $400 or so in time.
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- Until digital, record technology had not changed much in
- principle since the Edison cylinder. On conventional LPs,
- called analog recordings, images of sound waves picked up by a
- microphone are traced into vinyl grooves; a kind of aural
- photograph is "developed" when a stylus retraces the grooves and
- re-creates the sonic vibrations. Digital recording are akin to
- the computer-assisted cameras used in space, which translate
- images into a series of binary numbers that are later
- reassembled into pictures back on earth. In digital recording
- a computer takes 44,000 impressions of sound per sec. and
- assigns each a numerical value. The numbers are then recorded
- in pits embedded in the disc, read by a laser beam and changed
- back into sound. The "digital" LPs currently found in record
- stores are really hybrids, recorded digitally but pressed and
- played back as analog discs.
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- Digital CDs have several important advantages over conventional
- records. For one thing, there is no surface noise, since the
- laser reads only the numbers, not any dust or grime on the
- disc's laminated surface. Because nothing touches the disc,
- there is no wear. Digital records lack the distortion
- customarily found on LPs in loud passages and near the end of
- a side, when the sound is unnaturally compressed. The new
- players are designed to plug into conventional component
- systems, and the discs will be compatible with any player on
- the market.
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- The real advance, however, may turn out to be artistic. Because
- of the clarity of digital sound, every flaw, both in performance
- and production, is ruthlessly exposed. One probable result:
- pop-record producers will be more careful with such studio
- gimmicks as overdubbing and excessive reverberation. In the
- classical sphere, an even higher premium will be put on
- technical excellence.
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- Skeptics assert that the excitement over digital sound is still
- premature. They point to potential consumer resistance, the
- player's high price and the lack of discs. In the U.S.,
- CBS/Sony currently has only 16 titles, and polygram, whose
- labels include Philips, Deutsche Gramophone and London, has but
- 35 classical and pop releases, although CD catalogues will grow
- as more companies enter the fray. "Even within the next decade,
- I cannot imagine a total changeover," says Hi-Fi Pioneer Henry
- Kloss. "The good stuff available on the market right now means
- there is no need to abandon it for a new standard that isn't
- totally tried."
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- Still, it would not be wise to bet against digital. Once the
- equipment and discs are widely marketed, they will be pushed by
- merchandisers eager to rejuvenate an industry that has seen
- customers siphoned off by such high tech gadgets as video games
- and home computers. To listeners with good ears, the difference
- between digital and analog sound is, in its own way, as striking
- as the distinction between mono and stereo: the startling
- realism of high notes; the silent surfaces that allow even the
- lowest passages to be heard clearly; the explosive strength of
- the climaxes. "This is definitely a mass product," says a
- confident Bert Gall, CD system product manager at Philips.
- "Naturally the freaks will buy first, but the large public will
- surely follow."
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- --By Michael Walsh. Reported by Raji Samghabadi/New York and
- Allan Tansman/Tokyo
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